History of Kolkata Durga Puja: Tradition, Culture & Evolution
Kolkata Durga Puja is not just a religious festival —it is the very soul of the city. The history of Kolkata Durga Puja is a fascinating journey that reflects Bengal’s cultural identity, social evolution, and artistic brilliance. From intimate household worship to today’s world-renowned public celebrations, the festival has grown into a symbol of unity, creativity, and devotion.
The Origins of Durga Puja in Kolkata
Durga Puja in Bengal dates back to the 16th century; however, Kolkata embraced it only in the 18th century. During this time, wealthy zamindars and aristocrats hosted both community and private pujas, which soon became symbols of prestige. Moreover, in 1610, Sabarna Roy Chowdhury family introduced one of the earliest known Durga Pujas at Barisha, located on the outskirts of Kolkata.
The Transition: From Household to Community Pujas
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Durga Puja shifted from private family rituals to public celebrations. The term baroari puja—derived from baro (twelve) and yari (friends)—symbolizes the move towards community-driven worship.
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In 1790, a group of friends organized one of the earliest baroari pujas in Guptipara (Hooghly district, near Kolkata), setting the foundation for community pujas in the city.
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By the 20th century, with the rise of nationalism, community pujas in Kolkata also became spaces of cultural pride and collective identity.
Durga Puja in Colonial Kolkata
During British rule, Durga Puja reflected Kolkata’s mix of Indian traditions and colonial influence. British officials often attended these gatherings, and the festival gradually incorporated cultural performances, music, and theatre.
The Rise of Modern Public Pujas in Kolkata
By the 1920s and 1930s, Kolkata saw the rise of modern community pujas, organized by clubs, neighborhoods, and local committees. These pujas:
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Introduced themed pandals that depicted mythology, art, and even political messages.
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Brought together people across classes, making Durga Puja a festival of inclusivity.
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Became a space for artisans experiment with idols, decorations, and lighting.
After India’s independence, these pujas transformed into a massive cultural festival, attracting millions of visitors every year .
Kolkata Durga Puja Today: The UNESCO Recognition
In 2021, Durga Puja in Kolkata was inscribed by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Thisis recognition highlights not only the religious aspect but also the artistic, cultural, and social significance of the festival.
Today, Kolkata’s Durga Puja is a blend of tradition and innovation—where rituals coexist with experimental art, and spirituality meets celebration. Pandals are designed like architectural marvels, idols embody both
classical and modern artistry, and the festival drives mass tourism and economic activity in the city.
Why the History of Kolkata Durga Puja Matters
The history of Kolkata Durga Puja is more than a timeline of events, it is the story of a city that embraces diversity, creativity, and resilience. Understanding this history helps us appreciate:
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How traditions evolve with society.
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How festivals can shape cultural identity.
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Why Kolkata is rightly called the cultural capital of India.
Durga Puja continues to inspire devotion and, moreover, strengthens community bonding. In addition, the festival fosters artistic innovation. Therefore, it stands not just as a religious celebration but also as a living heritage that evolves with time.
